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Virtually every health-conscious person can quote the recommendation: Drink at least eight eight-ounce glasses of water per day. Other beverages coffee, tea, soda, beer, even orange juice don`t count. Watermelon? Not a chance.
There`s no denying that water is good for you, but does everyone really need to drink 64 ounces or more every day? According to Heinz Valtin, a retired professor of physiology from Dartmouth Medical School who specialized in kidney research and spent 45 years studying the biological system that keeps the water in our bodies in balance, the answer is no.
Valtin says that for people who have specific health concerns, such as kidney stones or a tendency to develop urinary tract infections, drinking lots of water can be beneficial. But after an extensive search in 2002 for the origins of what is commonly referred to as the `8 x 8` guideline and a review of associated health claims, he reports finding no scientific evidence supporting the notion that healthy individuals need to consume large quantities of water. In 2008 Dan Negoianu and Stanley Goldfarb reviewed the evidence for the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. They came to a similar conclusion: `There is no clear evidence of benefit from drinking increased amounts of water.`
In fact, Valtin found that the 8 x 8 guideline may have originated from a misunderstanding. In 1945 the Food and Nutrition Board, now part of the National Academy of Sciences`s Institute of Medicine, suggested that a person consume one milliliter of water (about one fifth of a teaspoon) for each calorie of food. The math is pretty simple: A daily diet of around 1,900 calories would dictate the consumption of 1,900 milliliters of water, an amount remarkably close to 64 ounces. But many dieticians and other people failed to notice a critical point: namely, that much of the daily need for water could be met by the water content found in food.
The Board revisited the question of water consumption in 2004. Its panel on `dietary preference intakes for electrolytes and water` noted that women who appear adequately hydrated consume about 91 ounces (2.7 liters) of water a day and men about 125 ounces (3.7 liters). These seemingly large quantities come from a variety of sources including coffee, tea, milk, soda, juice, fruits, vegetables and other foods. Instead of recommending how much extra water a person should drink to maintain health, the panel simply concluded that `the vast majority of healthy people adequately meet their daily hydration needs by letting thirst be their guide.`
Advocates of the 8 x 8 guideline sometimes claim that thirst is a poor hydration indicator. They assert that many people are so chronically dehydrated they no longer recognize their bodies` signals for water. Barbara Rolls, professor of nutrition sciences at the Pennsylvania State University, disagrees. Her studies, she says, `found no evidence that people are chronically dehydrated.` Although some drugs can cause problems with thirst regulation and the elderly may not experience thirst as intensely as younger people, Rolls maintains that most healthy people are adequately hydrated.
Weight loss is another benefit often touted by proponents of the 8 x 8 guideline. They claim people mistake thirst for hunger, which causes them to eat when they are really just thirsty. They also allege that drinking water suppresses appetite. Given the obesity crisis, every little bit (or drop) helps.
But Rolls disagrees, arguing that `drinking water and waiting for pounds to melt away does not work. We all wish it were that simple.` She explains that `hunger and thirst are controlled by separate systems in the body. People are unlikely to mistake thirst for hunger.` Furthermore, she reports that her studies `never found that drinking water with or before a meal affected appetite.` Nevertheless, there are some elements of truth in the misperception. Rolls did find that water-rich foods as opposed to stand-alone water tended to help people consume fewer calories. And, she says, `there is a way that water can help with weight loss if you use water as a substitute for a caloric beverage.`
Neither Rolls nor Valtin opposes the idea of including water in a healthy diet. They both note that the body needs water to function properly and that dehydration hurts the body. They do object, however, to the notion that a universally true guideline governs ideal water consumption. `Water requirements depend so much on outside temperature, activity levels and other factors that there isn`t one rule that fits everybody,` Rolls says. And Valtin cautions that in some situations drinking too much water can actually be dangerous, even fatal.
So how much water should you drink? Here`s their advice: If you have specific medical concerns, talk to your doctor. But if you are healthy, Rolls recommends that you `have a beverage with meals and drink when you are thirsty.` In other words, heed your thirst signals, enjoy that watermelon, and stop feeling guilty for not guzzling those extra glasses.
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